{"id":894,"date":"2021-03-16T09:22:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-16T08:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kwasniewski.org.pl\/?page_id=894"},"modified":"2026-08-20T14:51:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T12:51:38","slug":"teksty","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/","title":{"rendered":"Book &amp; Articles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">jacek9520@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Western civilization, philosophy, theology, econonomics, political science, other<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Spis tre\u015bci \/ Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i\" >___________________________<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Books\" >Books<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-2\" >___________________________<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Death_Anxiety_as_a_Culture-Forming_Force_%E2%80%93_A_Map_of_the_Phenomenon_and_Literature_Search_Queries_2026\" >Death Anxiety as a Culture-Forming Force \u2013 A Map of the Phenomenon and Literature Search Queries (2026)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#On_the_Evolution_of_Western_Civilization_2023\" >On the Evolution of Western Civilization (2023)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Role_of_Church_and_Christianity_in_technological_changes_in_medieval_Europe_2020\" >Role of Church and Christianity in technological changes in medieval Europe (2020)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Medieval_merchant_ships_2017\" >Medieval merchant ships (2017)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-3\" >___________________________<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Western_civilization_and_the_European_Phenomenon_%E2%80%93_2020-2026\" >Western civilization and the European Phenomenon\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 2020-2026<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-4\" >___________________________<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#%E2%80%9CWestern_Civilization_and_Time%E2%80%9D_as_a_research_programme_in_terms_of_Imre_Lakatoss_methodology_of_science_2026_2012\" >&#8220;Western Civilization and Time&#8221; as a research programme in terms of Imre Lakatos\u2019s methodology of science (2026, 2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Historical_European_Phenomenon_in_Numbers_Economy_Technology_Expansion_Science_2026\" >The Historical European Phenomenon in Numbers. Economy, Technology, Expansion, Science\u00a0 (2026)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Death_Anxiety_as_a_Culture-Forming_Force_%E2%80%93_A_Map_of_the_Phenomenon_and_Literature_Search_Queries_2026_articles\" >Death Anxiety as a Culture-Forming Force \u2013 A Map of the Phenomenon and Literature Search Queries (2026 articles)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Wests_Journey_Beyond_Death_Eschatology_Ammortality_and_Potential_Exhangeable_Identities_2024\" >The West\u2019s Journey Beyond Death: Eschatology, Ammortality, and Potential Exhangeable Identities (2024)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Il_timore_della_morte_come_forza_creatrice_di_cultura_domande_di_ricerca_e_analisi_supportata_dallIA_2025\" >Il timore della morte come forza creatrice di cultura: domande di ricerca e analisi supportata dall\u2019IA (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Building_an_AI_Agent_for_Literature_Analysis_OCR_%E2%86%92_segmentation_%E2%86%92_embeddingsFAISS_%E2%86%92_synthesis_2025\" >Building an AI Agent for Literature Analysis (OCR \u2192 segmentation \u2192 embeddings\/FAISS \u2192 synthesis) (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Death_Anxiety_as_a_Driver_of_Cultural_Change_Impacts_on_Religion_Mind_Culture_and_Civilization_Twentieth-Century_Discussions_2025\" >Death Anxiety as a Driver of Cultural Change: Impacts on Religion, Mind, Culture, and Civilization. Twentieth-Century Discussions (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Amount_of_Information_Produced_in_European_History_as_a_Measure_of_Modernization_2025\" >The Amount of Information Produced in European History as a Measure of Modernization (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#On_the_Evolution_of_Western_Civilization_Paper_Presented_at_the_12th_Polish_Philosophical_Congress_2023\" >On the Evolution of Western Civilization: Paper Presented at the 12th Polish Philosophical Congress (2023)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Secularization_of_History_Notes_on_the_Works_of_Wichrowski_Lowith_and_Nisbet_2023\" >The Secularization of History: Notes on the Works of Wichrowski, L\u00f6with, and Nisbet (2023)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#YouTube_Lecture_1_%E2%80%93_The_Medieval_European_Phenomenon_An_Overview_of_the_Concept_2022\" >YouTube Lecture 1 \u2013 The Medieval European Phenomenon. An Overview of the Concept (2022)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#YouTube_Lecture_2_%E2%80%93_How_the_European_Phenomenon_Is_Interpreted_in_World_Literature_2022\" >YouTube Lecture 2 \u2013 How the European Phenomenon Is Interpreted in World Literature (2022)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Next_100%E2%80%93200_Years_Will_Death_Gradually_Disappear_2022_2026\" >The Next 100\u2013200 Years: Will Death Gradually Disappear? (2022, 2026)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Expansion_of_Western_civilization_1492_%E2%80%93_1914_Changes_of_the_size_of_areas_dependent_on_the_West_2021\" >Expansion of Western civilization 1492 &#8211; 1914.\u00a0 Changes of the size of areas dependent on the West (2021)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#A_note_on_historical_stimulators_and_inhibitors_of_economic_growth_Europe_China_Asia_2021\" >A note on historical stimulators and inhibitors of economic growth. Europe, China, Asia (2021)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Why_the_Church_and_Christianity_are_so_important_in_explicating_the_European_Miracle_2021\" >Why the Church and Christianity are so important in explicating the European Miracle? (2021)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_Imperial_Rome_merchant_fleet_size_estimation_2021\" >The Imperial Rome merchant fleet: size estimation (2021)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_European_Phenomenon_and_Christianity_Concept_of_the_book_and_its_advancement_of_May_2021\" >The European Phenomenon and Christianity. Concept of the book and its advancement of May 2021<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Medieval_agricultural_revolution_%E2%80%93_quantitative_analysis_2020\" >Medieval agricultural revolution &#8211; quantitative analysis (2020)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Historiography_of_science_and_religion_2011_2020\" >Historiography of science and religion (2011, 2020)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-5\" >____________________________<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Western_civilization_and_the_European_Phenomenon_%E2%80%93_2006-2019\" >Western civilization and the European Phenomenon\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 2006-2019<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-6\" >___________________________<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#What_speeds_up_and_what_hinders_technical_progress_On_historical_determinants_of_innovation_2019\" >What speeds up and what hinders technical progress. On historical determinants of innovation (2019)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Western_Civilization_and_Time_%E2%80%93_synopsis_of_the_book_2018\" >Western Civilization and Time &#8211; synopsis of the book (2018)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Medieval_power_industry_%E2%80%93_watermills_and_windmills_2015\" >Medieval power industry &#8211; watermills and windmills (2015)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Russia_%E2%80%93_our_worlds_misfortune_2014\" >Russia &#8211; our world&#8217;s misfortune (2014)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#History_of_technology_first_readings_recommended_2014\" >History of technology: first readings recommended (2014)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Church_and_Christianity_in_the_making_of_the_European_identity_2013\" >Church and Christianity in the making of the European identity (2013)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Medieval_roots_of_early_modern_science_the_influence_of_cultural_and_social_milieu_role_of_the_Church_2013\" >Medieval roots of early modern science: the influence of cultural and social milieu, role of the Church (2013)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Rise_of_the_West_according_to_Douglass_North_2013\" >Rise of the West according to Douglass North (2013)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Douglass_C_North_Paradox_of_the_West_%E2%80%93_Polish_translantion_2013\" >Douglass C. North, Paradox of the West &#8211; Polish translantion (2013)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Modern_West_and_our_mythical_time_perception_2012\" >Modern West and our mythical time perception (2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Non-empirical_foundations_of_empirical_sciences_2012\" >Non-empirical foundations of empirical sciences (2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Christianity_and_modernization_of_the_West_2008\" >Christianity and modernization of the West (2008)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Historical_European_phenomenon_or_how_Europe_surpassed_Asian_powers_2009\" >Historical European phenomenon or how Europe surpassed Asian powers (2009)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_emergence_of_a_Western_guilt_culture_13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries_Reflections_on_the_book_by_Jean_Delumeau_2008\" >The emergence of a Western guilt culture, 13th\u201318th centuries.  Reflections on the book by Jean Delumeau (2008)\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Can_theory_of_civilization_be_a_science_in_Lakatos_sense_2007\" >Can theory of civilization be a science in Lakatos sense? (2007)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Islam_and_Russia_lost_civilizations_2006\" >Islam and Russia: lost civilizations? (2006)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Death_taboo_why_it_appeared_why_is_vanishing_2006\" >Death taboo: why it appeared, why is vanishing (2006)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-7\" >____________________________________<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Philosophy_and_Theology\" >Philosophy and Theology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-8\" >____________________________________<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Necessity_of_evil_Proof_by_contradiction_Supplement_to_Alvin_Plantinga_2009\" >Necessity of evil. Proof by contradiction. (Supplement to Alvin Plantinga, 2009)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Life_after_death_Christian_perspective_2019\" >Life after death. Christian perspective (2019)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Love_Chance_or_Mystery_Theology_of_Divine_Providence_The_Logic_of_Divine_Providence_2019\" >Love, Chance, or Mystery? Theology of Divine Providence \/\u00a0 The Logic of Divine Providence (2019)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#%E2%80%9CDo_not_bring_us_into_temptation%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9CDissuade_us_from_temptation%E2%80%9D_2000_years_of_controversies_over_this_phrase_in_Lords_Prayer_2017\" >\u201cDo not bring us into temptation\u201d or \u201cDissuade us from temptation\u201d. 2000 years of controversies over this phrase in Lord\u2019s Prayer (2017)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_psychologically_comprehensible_model_of_the_Universe_and_its_consequences_2017\" >The psychologically comprehensible model of the Universe and its consequences (2017)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Why_I_like_to_attend_a_mass_for_preschoolers_2016\" >Why I like to attend a mass for preschoolers? (2016)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Prayer_in_the_Bergamuts_Islands_2015\" >Prayer in the Bergamuts Islands (2015)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#What_is_evil_Why_do_we_do_it_2015\" >What is evil? Why do we do it? (2015)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Gods_Love_Information_for_atheists_agnostics_and_lukewarm_believers_2017\" >God\u2019s Love. Information for atheists, agnostics and lukewarm believers (2017)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#What_is_postmodernism_2011\" >What is postmodernism (2011)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Meaning_of_life_balance_between_values_or_the_goal_of_existence_2008\" >Meaning of life: balance between values or the goal of existence? (2008)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-9\" >____________________________________<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Other_Topics_including_AI\" >Other Topics, including AI<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-10\" >____________________________________<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#How_to_Save_ChatGPT_Conversations_on_Your_Own_Computer_2026\" >How to Save ChatGPT Conversations on Your Own Computer\u00a0 (2026)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Comments_on_the_Conversation_with_AI_about_Its_Self-Awareness_2025\" >Comments on the Conversation with AI about Its Self-Awareness (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Prospects_for_Artificial_Intelligence_Achieving_Self-Awareness_A_Conversation_with_an_AI_one_of_comments_2025\" >Prospects for Artificial Intelligence Achieving Self-Awareness. A Conversation with an AI + one of comments (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#My_Conversations_with_OpenAIs_Artificial_Intelligence_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT_4o_Model_February_2025\" >My Conversations with OpenAI\u2019s Artificial Intelligence \u2013 ChatGPT 4o Model\u00a0 (February 2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Milton_and_Rose_Friedman_Free_to_Choose_2020\" >Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose (2020)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#How_the_Universe_came_into_being\" >How the Universe came into being<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_autumn_guinea_pig_and_other_things_The_poem_for_Maia_2018\" >The autumn, guinea pig and other things. The poem for Maia (2018)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Jerzy_Drygalski_Sources_and_Course_of_European_Development\" >Jerzy Drygalski, Sources and Course of European Development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Early_days_of_Polish_privatization_1989-1991_Krzysztof_Lis_vs_Balcerowicz_2014\" >Early days of Polish privatization 1989-1991 Krzysztof Lis vs Balcerowicz (2014)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Solidarity_and_the_Communist_Party_Dynamics_of_Polish_Conflict_1980_%E2%80%93_1981_2012\" >Solidarity and the Communist Party. Dynamics of Polish Conflict 1980 \u2013 1981 (2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Reading_scientific_texts_could_be_criminal_offense_2012\" >Reading scientific texts could be criminal offense (2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Poglady_Issue_18_Jubilee_Issue_2011\" >Pogl\u0105dy, Issue 18. Jubilee Issue 2011<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#How_to_build_successful_capitalism_in_Third_World_countries_2003\" >How to build successful capitalism in Third World countries (2003)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#The_essence_of_the_poetry_1998\" >The essence of the poetry (1998)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#No-choice_elections_1990\" >No-choice elections (1990)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#Harmonious_society_versus_conflict-ridden_society_marxism_and_liberalism_1988\" >Harmonious society versus conflict-ridden society: marxism and liberalism (1988)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#My_current_work_since_2021\" >My current work (since 2021)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/teksty\/#i-11\" >\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">___________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Books\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Books<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">___________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Death_Anxiety_as_a_Culture-Forming_Force_%E2%80%93_A_Map_of_the_Phenomenon_and_Literature_Search_Queries_2026\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">Death Anxiety as a Culture-Forming Force \u2013 A Map of the Phenomenon and Literature Search Queries (2026)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2026, book, total size 3.7 MB, total number of pages \u2013 223<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/inne-teksty\/KR-LPS_tom3-2c.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The book is an attempt to develop a map of the ways in which death anxiety shapes culture, as well as of the reciprocal effects of this influence. It identifies death anxiety across a range of cultural processes: the functions it performs, the levels of culture it affects, the psychocultural mechanisms through which it is processed, and both enduring and distinctly contemporary patterns of anxiety.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The map is a working hypothesis that identifies, across four levels of detail, where and how death anxiety operates and what effects it produces. In this sense, it also forms an intrinsically interesting catalogue of the phenomenon. At the same time, it is a tool whose formal structure allows it to be integrated with AI-based systems for literature search.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The book consists of articles brought together in a single volume and presented below as a set of separate texts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"On_the_Evolution_of_Western_Civilization_2023\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #000000;\">On the Evolution of Western Civilization (2023)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">file size 1890 kB, 103 pages (40 pages of main texts + appendixes + bibliography). Current version November 1.7.2. A paper based on the book was presented at the 12th Polish Philosophical Congress in September 2023 in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a (Section of Philosophical Anthropology)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/10.11.23_172.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The book sets out an idea for looking at the evolution of our civilization over a period of more than a dozen centuries, in an attempt to identify certain patterns in its development. The idea behind my conception is contained in the subtitle: From the hope of heaven and the fear of hell, through modernization and the secularization of the world, to the search in technology for a remedy for death. The book may be treated as a starting point for further work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Role_of_Church_and_Christianity_in_technological_changes_in_medieval_Europe_2020\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #000000;\">Role of Church and Christianity in technological changes in medieval Europe (2020)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2020, file size 2,4 MB, 95 pages. Shorter version was presented at IXth Philosophical Congress in Lublin (Poland) in September 2019 in<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/zjazdfilozoficzny.kul.pl\/sekcja-filozofii-techniki\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section Philosophy of Technology (Thursday)<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/technologia-Sredniowiecze-Kosciol.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The synthetic picture of the influence of the Church and doctrine, estimation of the Church and secular sphere participation in the medieval technological progress, an attempt to reconstruct Of Church\u2019s policy of building a pro-innovative climate and many other issues; file size 2,4 MB, 95 pages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Middle Ages were an technologically creative era, and Christianity and the Church played an important role in the technological awakening of medieval Europe. The contribution of the Church was: 1 \/ its own participation in the creation of innovations, 2 \/ creation of technological demand, 3 \/ creation of human capital and the system of knowledge circulation, 4 \/ creation of market economy institutions supportive to innovations, 5 \/ ideological integration of Europe, fastening the circulation od technological ideas, 6 \/ creation of a pro-innovative climate. The latter element made Europe unique. The high innovativeness of medieval Europe was also influenced by external factors, e.g. the topography of the continent, the influence of incoming cultures, the import of distant technologies, ancient and Muslim heritage. In the overall innovation pool, the Church dominated the technologies related to the operation of the science infrastructure and the construction of a pro-innovative climate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Medieval_merchant_ships_2017\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">Medieval merchant ships (2017)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"pl\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">A study in the history of technology and economic history<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2017, file size 17 MB, 228 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/statki_sredniowiecza\">on line &#8211; contents, short info, cover<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/Sredniowieczne_statki_handlowe.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Book on the evolution of the European merchant ships constructions from the 1st to the 16th century. A study in the history of technology with elements of economic history. Maritime transport is considered one of the most important tools creating the power of Europe. It integrated remote areas, commercial shipping recorded the largest increase in productivity among all economic fields. It was an important inspirer and creator of technical progress. Ships from Europe were the vehicles disseminating, throughout the world, European cultural patterns, methods of life organization, tools, weapons, plants, religions, political ideas, people and diseases. Bibliography available on request.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">___________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Western_civilization_and_the_European_Phenomenon_%E2%80%93_2020-2026\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Western civilization and the European Phenomenon\u00a0 <span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;\">&#8211;<\/span>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: courier new, courier, monospace;\">2020-2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">___________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CWestern_Civilization_and_Time%E2%80%9D_as_a_research_programme_in_terms_of_Imre_Lakatoss_methodology_of_science_2026_2012\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">&#8220;Western Civilization and Time&#8221; as a research programme in terms of Imre Lakatos\u2019s methodology of science (2026, 2012)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] A detailed reconstruction of my 2012 book as a research programme in the methodological sense developed by Imre Lakatos. The text formulates both the hard core and the protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. It is best read alongside the book itself. It also complements my lecture at the Polish Philosophical Society, available on this website under the title <em>Can a Theory of Civilization Be Scientific?<\/em> Please read there pages 4-8.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/inne-teksty\/program_badawczy_Lakatos_Cywilizacja_zachodnia_i_czas_poprawiony2.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Historical_European_Phenomenon_in_Numbers_Economy_Technology_Expansion_Science_2026\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">The Historical European Phenomenon in Numbers. Economy, Technology, Expansion, Science\u00a0 (2026)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year: 2026; file size: 6.9 MB; number of pages: 32<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/inne-teksty\/historyczny_fenomen_europ_6.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] A brief account of the European civilizational revolution of the Middle Ages. The specific feature of this approach is its concentration on numbers. Thanks to the development of historical statistics, we can now show, in numerical terms, how the European economy, technology, and science developed, and how geographical expansion unfolded. We can also present comparisons between civilizations. All this is an achievement of the last 20-25 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Death_Anxiety_as_a_Culture-Forming_Force_%E2%80%93_A_Map_of_the_Phenomenon_and_Literature_Search_Queries_2026_articles\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Death Anxiety as a Culture-Forming Force \u2013 A Map of the Phenomenon and Literature Search Queries (2026 articles)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2026, 8 files, total size 6.1 MB, total number of pages \u2013 214<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The following set of eight texts presents the construction of a map of the culture-shaping effects of death anxiety. The map was developed by decomposing the general thesis and gradually increasing the descriptive resolution: from a formulation in 17 macro-propositions, or groups, to 265 semantic cores, which can be converted into embeddings with the help of AI and used for semantic searches of the literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the form of 265 semantic cores, the map becomes a set of questions cast over the literature like a net. The aim is to see what has already been described, what has been overlooked, which issues have received substantial attention, and which have received little. The whole is treated as a working hypothesis to be tested, not as a conclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 Main texts \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/01_od_1_do_17.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 1 &#8211; Breaking down the thesis on death anxiety into seventeen macro-propositions (Introductory text, 9 pages)<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/02_od_17_do_55.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 2 &#8211; Breaking down the seventeen macro-propositions into fifty-five subgroups, 7 pages<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/03_od_55_do_265.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 3 &#8211; Breaking down the 55 subgroups into 265 semantic cores, 10 pages<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 Methodological section \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/04_zasady_budowy_RS.pdf\">wersja pdf\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 4 &#8211;\u00a0 Principles for constructing semantic cores, 19 pages<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/05_rola_matematyka.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 5 &#8211; The role of the mathematician in constructing the cores, 18 pages<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 Appendices \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/06_zalacznik_do_2_opis_55_podgrup.pdf\">wersja pdf\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 6 &#8211; Appendix to Text 2: Description of the 55 subgroups, 25 pages<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/07_zalacznik_do_04_grupy_podgrupy_rdzenie.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 7 &#8211; Appendix to Text 4: Tabular list of groups (17), subgroups (55), and cores (265), 38 pages \u00a0<\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/08_zalacznik_do_04_struktura_rdzeni.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text 8 &#8211; Appendix to Text 4: Description of the structure of the 265 semantic cores, 88 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Wests_Journey_Beyond_Death_Eschatology_Ammortality_and_Potential_Exhangeable_Identities_2024\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The West\u2019s Journey Beyond Death: Eschatology, Ammortality, and Potential Exhangeable Identities (2024)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">English version of\u00a0 \u201eJak pokona\u0107 \u015bmier\u0107: od Edenu do wymiennych to\u017csamo\u015bci. U \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 dynamiki Zachodu\u201d (2024, 2026)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Year 2024, file size 1.2 MB, 47pages<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/ENG-DA-BG-12.12.2024-93b.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Main thesis: The death anxiety, in its many historical forms, has been and continues to be an important driving force of our civilization. Today, as Western individuals lose faith in Christian eschatology and turn toward technology, A radical extension of life may result in a person having many successive personal identities rather than a single one, as has been the case so far.. This could mark the starting point of a new stage in human evolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This text develops, supplements, and summarizes several texts I have written in recent years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">My other texts related to it include, among others: O ewolucji cywilizacji zachodniej (On the Evolution of Western Civilization) 2023; Nast\u0119pne sto, dwie\u015bcie lat: czy \u015bmier\u0107 zacznie stopniowo zanika\u0107? (The Next Hundred, Two Hundred Years: Will Death Gradually Disappear?) 2022; Informacje wyprodukowane w historii Europy miar\u0105 modernizacji (Information Produced in European History as a Measure of Modernization) 2024; Cywilizacja zachodnia i Czas (Western Civilization and Time) 2012<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Il_timore_della_morte_come_forza_creatrice_di_cultura_domande_di_ricerca_e_analisi_supportata_dallIA_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Il timore della morte come forza creatrice di cultura: domande di ricerca e analisi supportata dall\u2019IA (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Costruzione di un agente AI per l\u2019analisi della letteratura<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(OCR \u2192 segmentazione \u2192 embedding\/FAISS \u2192 sintesi)<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2039\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025, dimensione del file 440 kB, estensione del testo \u2013 tre pagine pi\u00f9 la pagina del titolo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Embeddingi_LPS_Italian_17.10.25.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Italian] Il passo successivo nell\u2019impiego dell\u2019IA per l\u2019analisi del problema del timore della morte consiste nella costruzione di uno strumento (il cosiddetto <em data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"508\">agente AI<\/em>), concepito per esaminare in modo sistematico la vasta letteratura esistente sull\u2019argomento e per fornire risposte alla questione di come essa si sia confrontata con gli interrogativi da me formulati, i quali nel loro insieme possono essere ricondotti al problema fondamentale di comprendere in che modo il timore della morte assolva la funzione di forza creatrice di cultura. A tal fine vengono utilizzate le potenzialit\u00e0 dell\u2019IA nella comprensione semantica dei testi, attraverso il processo di trasformazione degli stessi in <em data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1048\">embedding<\/em> collocati all\u2019interno di uno spazio semantico multidimensionale di natura tensoriale. \u00c8 opportuno sottolineare che la costruzione di tale agente AI procede con lentezza, ma confido che essa possa essere portata a compimento con esito positivo. Il testo qui presentato offre una breve illustrazione della logica sottesa alla costruzione di un agente AI ed \u00e8 stato concepito per un pubblico di non specialisti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Building_an_AI_Agent_for_Literature_Analysis_OCR_%E2%86%92_segmentation_%E2%86%92_embeddingsFAISS_%E2%86%92_synthesis_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Building an AI Agent for Literature Analysis (OCR \u2192 segmentation \u2192 embeddings\/FAISS \u2192 synthesis) (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025, file size 440 kB, 4 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Embeddingi_LPS_short-2_16.10.25r.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The next step in using AI to examine the problem of death anxiety is to build a tool (an AI \u201cagent\u201d) that will analyze the extensive literature in the field and address how that literature has grappled with the questions I pose &#8211; questions that, taken together, come down to this: what is the role of death anxiety as a culture-forming force? To this end, I use AI\u2019s capacity for semantic understanding of texts by converting them into embeddings situated in a high-dimensional tensor semantic space. The brief text above outlines what building such an AI agent involves. It is intended for non-specialists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Death_Anxiety_as_a_Driver_of_Cultural_Change_Impacts_on_Religion_Mind_Culture_and_Civilization_Twentieth-Century_Discussions_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Death Anxiety as a Driver of Cultural Change: Impacts on Religion, Mind, Culture, and Civilization. Twentieth-Century Discussions (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Author: LLM GPT\u00a0 (OpenAI)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025, file size 1,4 MB, 100 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/wersja_23_15.07.25.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0The text was written by OpenAI artificial intelligence models designated GPT-4o and GPT-4.5. My role consisted in scientific and technical editing. This involved academic review in two senses: negatively, by checking whether GPT had hallucinated, and positively, by assessing whether the text was worthy of public presentation. It also involved conducting a series of discussions with the AI, including on the need for additions, such as taking account of researchers it had omitted and adding a necessary section, \u201cDeath Anxiety and the Origins of Religion\u201d. I also carried out the technical editing of the text. In this sense, I acted as a kind of intellectual supervisor for the text.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"701\" data-end=\"1320\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The AI wrote the text independently. It developed the concept and structure of the text on its own: a review of positions divided by discipline, an analytical section, and tables. It presented what twentieth-century philosophers, psychoanalysts, and psychologists from the existential and humanistic traditions had written about death anxiety as a culture-forming force, as well as how cultural anthropologists and sociologists approached the topic. The AI then presented the debates and polemics connected with this issue. The analytical section is supplemented by the text \u201cDeath Anxiety and the Origins of Religion\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1322\" data-end=\"1871\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I would like to emphasize that the way of framing the topic assigned to the artificial intelligence &#8211; death anxiety as a culture-forming force in twentieth-century literature &#8211; is the AI\u2019s own concept. Overall, it is an interesting presentation of one of the more important topics in cultural anthropology. In the encyclopedic section, pages 6-38, we find a review of positions divided by discipline. In the analytical section, pages 38-74, the AI develops the discussion by organizing the literature through a confrontation of various opposing approaches.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Amount_of_Information_Produced_in_European_History_as_a_Measure_of_Modernization_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The Amount of Information Produced in European History as a Measure of Modernization (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2025, file size 870 kB, 28 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/tekst-nt-informacji-Europy-all-14.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0The idea of the text is that the historical process of Western modernization &#8211; economic, technological, political, geographical expansion, and other dimensions &#8211; is correlated with the growing production of information. This production can serve as a proxy variable for the process of modernization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The historical production of information can be measured thanks to the work of the Dutch historians Jan Luiten van Zanden and Eltjo Buringh. The quantity of information measures the material informational trace of modernization processes, although it does not measure their qualitative aspects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The text explains how this growing production can be measured from the sixth to the nineteenth century. To this end, a mathematical model has been developed that calculates the amount of information produced century by century. It contains eleven variables that determined the volume of information produced. The model allows the user to change the values of these variables independently in order to observe how such changes affect the overall results.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both documents, the text and the model, are intended as an invitation to discuss a synthetic measure of the historical process of modernization. The model is available upon request.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"On_the_Evolution_of_Western_Civilization_Paper_Presented_at_the_12th_Polish_Philosophical_Congress_2023\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">On the Evolution of Western Civilization: Paper Presented at the 12th Polish Philosophical Congress (2023)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2023, file size 930 kB, 9 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/ECZ-referat-na-zjazd11a.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The 12th Polish Philosophical Congress was organized by the Polish Philosophical Society. I am presenting my four-page conference paper and three excerpts from my book <em data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"476\">On the Evolution of Western Civilization<\/em>: the introduction, the preface, and the r\u00e9sum\u00e9. Link to the Congress programme and to my abstract (Session 21A, Philosophical Anthropology Section, Friday, September 15th): <a href=\"https:\/\/easychair.org\/smart-program\/12PZF\/2023-09-15.html\">https:\/\/easychair.org\/smart-program\/12PZF\/2023-09-15.html<\/a> \u00a0 (3rd position from the top).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Secularization_of_History_Notes_on_the_Works_of_Wichrowski_Lowith_and_Nisbet_2023\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The Secularization of History: Notes on the Works of Wichrowski, L\u00f6with, and Nisbet (2023)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2023, filen size 560 kB, 20 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/sekularyz_historii.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] I present quotes and my own notes from three books dedicated to the evolving paradigms of historical narrative. My focus in these works is the issue of the secularization of historical narrative<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"YouTube_Lecture_1_%E2%80%93_The_Medieval_European_Phenomenon_An_Overview_of_the_Concept_2022\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">YouTube Lecture 1 \u2013 The Medieval European Phenomenon. An Overview of the Concept (2022)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zpbu4iILSvQ\">link<\/a><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I recommend listening at 1.05x or 1.10x speed<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[in English]<\/span> The lecture presents the effects of Europe\u2019s civilizational acceleration from the 11th\u201312th centuries in the fields of technology, economy, and science. It is a PowerPoint audio presentation available on YouTube, intended for beginner-level audiences.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Duration: 34 minutes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"YouTube_Lecture_2_%E2%80%93_How_the_European_Phenomenon_Is_Interpreted_in_World_Literature_2022\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">YouTube Lecture 2 \u2013 How the European Phenomenon Is Interpreted in World Literature (2022)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fDKL0v7dpdA\">link<\/a><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I recommend listening at 1.05x or 1.10x speed<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[in English]<\/span> The lecture outlines the major strands of literature that seek to explain Europe\u2019s civilizational acceleration starting in the 11th\u201312th centuries. It is a PowerPoint audio presentation available on YouTube, designed for beginner-level audiences. <br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Duration: 25 minutes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Next_100%E2%80%93200_Years_Will_Death_Gradually_Disappear_2022_2026\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The Next 100\u2013200 Years: Will Death Gradually Disappear? (2022, 2026)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">file size 1000 kB,\u00a0 64 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/New-Ewolucja-Zachodu-04.05.26.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The 20th century unprecedentedly extended the average lifespan and sparked even greater hopes. If we manage to go far beyond the current biological limits, what will happen to death? Looking to the future, I am a cautious optimist. But the hundreds of billions of dollars being invested in the anti-aging and life extension sectors are impressive. So, let\u2019s consider this: if our lives were two to four times longer, wouldn\u2019t that profoundly impact our perception of death? And would death look the same? I am convinced it would not.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Expansion_of_Western_civilization_1492_%E2%80%93_1914_Changes_of_the_size_of_areas_dependent_on_the_West_2021\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Expansion of Western civilization 1492 &#8211; 1914.\u00a0 Changes of the size of areas dependent on the West (2021)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">in English<\/span>]\u00a0\u00a0 The article presents calculations of territorial changes of individual colonial empires broken down into centuries and continents in the period 1492-1914. This is probably one of the first attempts to calculate these changes in detail over such a long period of time. My article and model in MS Excel answers a number of questions and is an invitation to further work.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2021, file size 1750 kB, text 15 pages, sources 6 pages, tables 37 pages \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a9 Jacek Kwa\u015bniewski 2021<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0a73cf;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Colonies_1492-1914_I_Text.pdf\">pdf version Part I, text<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">[<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">in English<\/span>]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Colonies_1492-1914_II_Tables.pdf\">pdf version Part II, tables<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 [<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">in English<\/span>]\u00a0 \/Sept 15, 2021 small corrections made in pp 5-8\/<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0a73cf;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Excel spreadsheet\u00a0 \u00a0[<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">in English<\/span>] available on request<\/span> <br \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_note_on_historical_stimulators_and_inhibitors_of_economic_growth_Europe_China_Asia_2021\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">A note on historical stimulators and inhibitors of economic growth. Europe, China, Asia (2021)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2021 (previously 2009, 2018), file size 745 kB, 14 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/technologia_gospodarka_2021.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] A short text from my archive. I present three significant theories explaining historical economic growth: those of E. Jones, A. Maddison, and D. North. I include brief information about three formalized theories of growth, as well as two concepts addressing the slowdown of China between the 16th and 19th centuries: the population brake theory and the misallocation of surplus theory. I also mention ideas from C. Bekar, M. Elvin, Z. Griliches, G.D. Hansen, Ch.R. Hulten, R. Lipsey, M. Kremer, J. Mokyr, E.C. Prescott, and R. Solow.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_the_Church_and_Christianity_are_so_important_in_explicating_the_European_Miracle_2021\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Why the Church and Christianity are so important in explicating the European Miracle? (2021)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2021, file size 600 kB, 4 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/teaser6.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Rationale behind the choice of the Church and Christianity as the main variables explicating the emergence of the European Phenomenon (The European Miracle)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Imperial_Rome_merchant_fleet_size_estimation_2021\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The Imperial Rome merchant fleet: size estimation (2021)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2021, file size 640 kB, 10 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Rzymska_flota_handlowa_okresu_Cesarstwa2.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #1e429e;\"><span style=\"color: #135880;\"><span style=\"color: #2a6c91;\"><span style=\"color: #206d99;\"><span style=\"color: #156da1;\">pdf version<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/szacunek-floty-zbozowej2a.xlsx\">Excel spreadsheet for self-counting<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Newly written point in my book &#8220;Medieval Merchant Ships&#8221;. I have read an excellent work by the Norwegian historian Johann Rasmus Brandt on an estimate of the size of the Roman merchant fleet of the Imperial era. Brandt summed up the work to date on this issue and presented a methodologically very clear estimate. I decided to delete the previous text on this issue in my book and use Brandt&#8217;s work. Besides I attach a spreadsheet if anybody wants to make self-counting of the size of the Roman merchant fleet using variables presented by Brandt<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_European_Phenomenon_and_Christianity_Concept_of_the_book_and_its_advancement_of_May_2021\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The European Phenomenon and Christianity. Concept of the book and its advancement of May 2021<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2021, file size 820 kB, 17 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/Jacek-Kwa\u015bniewski9-translation4.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[in English]<\/span> After years of work, the research project <em>The European Phenomenon and Christianity<\/em> has advanced to a point where most of its completed components can be presented. I encourage to read this text, which provides a summary of the entire project along with links to the finished parts. Please read either the PDF version or the online version, available as the <em>Christianitas<\/em> subpage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Medieval_agricultural_revolution_%E2%80%93_quantitative_analysis_2020\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Medieval agricultural revolution &#8211; quantitative analysis (2020)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2015 (first version), update 2020, file size 410 KB, 17 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/sredniowieczna_rewolucja_rolnicza.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The article on how medieval Europe started to pursuit superpowers of that time (China, India, Islam states). Calculations are presented to show the roots and scale of\u00a0 the resources acquired thanks to the agrarian growth in IX-XIV centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historiography_of_science_and_religion_2011_2020\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Historiography of science and religion (2011, 2020)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2010, update 2020, file size 490 KB, 32 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-nauka-a-religia-historiografia-problemu\/\">summary Polish online<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Nauka_a_religia_Kwasniewski.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Published in Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce, No 49 \/ 2011<\/span> (<a href=\"http:\/\/bazhum.muzhp.pl\/media\/\/files\/Zagadnienia_Filozoficzne_w_Nauce\/Zagadnienia_Filozoficzne_w_Nauce-r2011-t-n49\/Zagadnienia_Filozoficzne_w_Nauce-r2011-t-n49-s149-187\/Zagadnienia_Filozoficzne_w_Nauce-r2011-t-n49-s149-187.pdf\">link<\/a>) <span style=\"color: #000000;\">and in Historia Filozofii (History of Philosophy, edited volume), eds. St. Janeczek, A. Staro\u015bcic, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2020<\/span> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kul.pl\/art_93290.html\">info on book and its contents<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The text discusses the evolution of historians\u2019 and sociologists\u2019 views between 1874 and 2010 regarding the proper way to describe the historical relationship between science and religion. It presents the key concepts that marked milestones in this evolution: from the 19th-century works of Draper and White, which portrayed this relationship as a centuries-long conflict, to the currently prevailing &#8220;complexity thesisi&#8217; &#8211; paradigm that recognizes religion as a significant co-contributing factor to the emergence of modern science.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-5\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #666699;\">____________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Western_civilization_and_the_European_Phenomenon_%E2%80%93_2006-2019\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Western civilization and the European Phenomenon<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"> <span style=\"font-family: times new roman, times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: courier new, courier, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-family: times new roman, times, serif;\">&#8211;<\/span>\u00a0 2006-2019<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-6\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">___________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_speeds_up_and_what_hinders_technical_progress_On_historical_determinants_of_innovation_2019\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">What speeds up and what hinders technical progress. On historical determinants of innovation (2019)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oxford University Press, 1990. file size 465 KB, 40 pages.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2019, file size 465 kB, 40 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/comment-mokyr3.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] I present a list of factors considered in the literature to be important in stimulating or hindering technological progress. My focus is more on history than the present day, reflecting my area of interest: the determinants of the technological explosion in medieval and early modern Europe. I used the literature survey carried out by Joel Mokyr in his book <em data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"88\">The Lever of Riches<\/em>. Since many years have passed since its publication, I have updated the argument presented there and added a critical commentary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Western_Civilization_and_Time_%E2%80%93_synopsis_of_the_book_2018\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Western Civilization and Time &#8211; synopsis of the book (2018)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2007, 2018, 2025 file size 430 KB, 10 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/cywilizacja-zachodnia-i-czas\/cywilizacja_i_czas_streszczenie-10.2020-ENG-po-A.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in English] Western civilization is challenging death &#8211; not with fanfare, but patiently, persistently, and step by step. This phenomenon is the result of a centuries-long transformation of time into one of our core values. Time as a value is reflected in the cult of speed, the cult of youth, and the growing demand for ever longer lives. Few other priorities are increasing their share of GDP at such a rapid pace. In a world so preoccupied with mundane concerns, the priorities of acting faster and living longer transcend our everyday secular horizon, seemingly without limits &#8211; except perhaps in eternity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Medieval_power_industry_%E2%80%93_watermills_and_windmills_2015\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Medieval power industry &#8211; watermills and windmills (2015)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] When discussing medieval watermills and windmills, we are referring to the creation of Europe&#8217;s first large-scale power infrastructure, unprecedented in the world at the time, to support the needs of emerging industries. The energy provided by these mills helped drive the development of industries such as textiles, clothing, woodworking, mining, metallurgy, construction, agri-food, paper, and tanning.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2015, file size 1,6 MB, 11 pages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/mlyny-i-wiatraki-energetyka-przemyslowa-sredniowiecza\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Jacek-Kwa\u015bniewski-M\u0142yny-i-wiatraki-\u015aredniowiecza.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Russia_%E2%80%93_our_worlds_misfortune_2014\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Russia &#8211; our world&#8217;s misfortune (2014)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>2014, file size 1,4 MB, 16 pages of text and 24 pages: statistics, maps, charts<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/rosja-czyli-nieszczescie-swiata-2\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/rosja-czyli-nieszczescie-swiata.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Russia is mighty and puny. Military sector is strong but stands on weak economic foundations. The economy is natural resources monoculture. Political culture as if moved from the Middle Ages. Leaders are like a band of psychopathic robbers but have nuclear button. They invade the neighbouring countries enjoying enthusiastic support of their serfs-citizens and even political opposition. Such a country (\u201emafia-run gas station masquerading as a country\u201d in McCain\u2019s words) is a misfortune of the world. But we have to deal with it somehow. At the same time it must not be thought it is the normal country. Russian leaders feel the resentment and the sense of inferiority toward the West. Like majority of the society. That results in envy, hostility, aggression and the lust for reprisal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_technology_first_readings_recommended_2014\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">History of technology: first readings recommended (2014)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2014, file size 126 KB, 6 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/historia-technologii-sugestie-od-czego-zaczac-lektury\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/historia-technologii-co-czytac4.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0 A short text on what is worth reading before engaging in a discussion about the factors determining technological development. Theoretical considerations on this topic should at least be grounded in a basic familiarity with factual information. I present twelve books worth exploring. Most of them are recommended readings in university programs on the history of technology. Among the authors are Frances and Joseph Gies, James MacLachlan, Ian McNeil, Lewis Mumford, Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans, Daniel Headrick, James McClellan, and Harold Dorn.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Church_and_Christianity_in_the_making_of_the_European_identity_2013\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Church and Christianity in the making of the European identity (2013)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2010, 2013, file size 320 KB, 20 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/rola-chrzescijanstwa-i-kosciola-w-europeizacji-europy\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/europeizacja.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] A draft text included in the preliminary section of my book <em>The European Phenomenon and Christianity.<\/em> The discussion of the role of Christianity and the Church in the emergence of the historical European phenomenon must be preceded by an explanation of how and when Europe emerged as a distinct cultural area, as well as the role the Church &#8211; one of the primary culture-forming forces &#8211; played in this process. The text examines the stages of cultural integration and the role of the Gregorian Revolution of the 11th\u201312th centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Medieval_roots_of_early_modern_science_the_influence_of_cultural_and_social_milieu_role_of_the_Church_2013\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Medieval roots of early modern science: the influence of cultural and social milieu, role of the Church (2013)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2010, 2013, file size 420 KB, 42 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/sredniowieczne-korzenie-nauki-nowozytnej-wplyw-otoczenia-na-powstanie-nauki-rola-kosciola\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/powstanie-zew.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] A draft text about the role of Christianity and the Church in the emergence of modern science. First, discussion of Edward Grant&#8217;s theory on medieval roots of science and description of external factors, affecting science&#8217;s setting, forming its organizational, economic, social and political milieu. Next, three subsequent parts: a brief outline of the explanatory framework for the origins of modern science, a concise presentation of the factors that influenced its development, and a more detailed description of external factors &#8211; those operating outside the sphere of science but affecting its emergence. Among the factors discussed are historical, geopolitical, social, organizational, economic, and others. This section highlights the Church\u2019s role in each of these factors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rise_of_the_West_according_to_Douglass_North_2013\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Rise of the West according to Douglass North (2013)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2013, file size 240KB, 12 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/douglassa-northa-wizja-historycznego-rozkwitu-zachodu\/\">wersja on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Douglass_North4.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The article presents the theoretical foundations of New Institutional Economics and their application to the analysis of the economic history of the West. In a sense, it complements North\u2019s text, <em>The Paradox of the West<\/em>, as it reveals the theoretical assumptions underlying this approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Douglass_C_North_Paradox_of_the_West_%E2%80%93_Polish_translantion_2013\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Douglass C. North, Paradox of the West &#8211; Polish translantion (2013)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2013 (translation), file size 300 KB, 24 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/douglass-c-north-paradoks-zachodu\/\">on-line translation<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/North_Douglass_-Paradoks_Zachodu.pdf\">translation -pdf version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/econpapers.repec.org\/paper\/wpawuwpeh\/9309005.htm\">original English version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[English original and Polish translation]. The central thesis of this chapter is that economic growth and the development of freedom are complementary processes in societal development. Economic growth provides the resources necessary to support more complex societies, and it is unlikely to persist in the long run without the concurrent development of political and civil liberties. A world characterized by specialization and the division of labor\u2014the foundations of economic growth\u2014naturally fosters democratic and individual freedoms. This idea is explored in a well-known text by D.C. North, a Nobel laureate in economics, which examines the causes of Europe\u2019s historical economic success and the relationship between economic growth and freedom. It also addresses the historical failures of China and Islam. North, one of the leading figures in the field of new institutional economics, applies his insights in <em>The Paradox of the West<\/em>, a work where theory is not explicitly outlined but rather integrated into the analysis of a specific historical case. What particularly interests me in North\u2019s work is his theoretical justification for the cultural determinants of economic growth, a topic that occupies a significant portion of <em>The Paradox of the West<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modern_West_and_our_mythical_time_perception_2012\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Modern West and our mythical time perception (2012)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2006, update 2012, file size 170 KB,\u00a0 6 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/mityczny_charakter_czasu2.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The Western experience of the world is deeply influenced by myths, one of the most significant being a particular experience of Time: the belief that human beings, from time immemorial, have supposedly had an insatiable desire to live as long as possible.<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0Modern individuals are convinced that this desire has always been a part of human nature. Today, it stands at the top of our priority list, consuming a tremendous amount of resources. However, this desire, now so deeply ingrained, was until recently far down in the hierarchy of human aspirations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Over the last few decades, this wish has transformed into a myth. As a myth, it is perceived as eternal, self-evident, and almost indisputable &#8211; questioning it risks intellectual banishment. This mythical perception wields immense yet invisible power, shaping our priorities and legitimizing the desire for a longer life. It not only justifies the vast allocation of resources to activities aimed at life extension but also obscures the historical reality: the belief in an eternal longing for longevity is, in fact, an illusion. And yet, we fail to recognize the myth that governs us, trusting it implicitly while it quietly shapes the modern world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-empirical_foundations_of_empirical_sciences_2012\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Non-empirical foundations of empirical sciences (2012)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2012, file size 360 kB, 41 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/metafizyczne_fundamenty_nauki_nowozytnej11.pdf\">pdf version<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> (enter the password, clue: C46s32)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>April 2020\u00a0<\/strong> working version, available on password<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Twentieth-century philosophy of science, despite its many divergences, shares a common idea: the creation of scientific theories also involves statements that do not have empirical status, meaning they cannot be subjected to falsification procedures. Such statements are commonly referred to in the philosophy of science as metaphysical judgments. These are classified as external factors (e.g., Carnap, Popper), internal factors (e.g., Lakatos), or judgments accepted by consensus within the scientific community (e.g., Kuhn, Kitcher, Longino). This surprising consensus among such often radically different theories of science strongly legitimizes Christianity as a potential co-contributing factor to the development of modern science. The text is a work in progress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Christianity_and_modernization_of_the_West_2008\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Christianity and modernization of the West (2008)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2007, update 2008, 2010, 2021, file size 330 KB,\u00a0 6 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/chrzescijanstwo-i-modernizacja-zachodu-2\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/cywilizacja_zachodnia_i_chrzescijanstwo4_2021.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0\u00a0Christianity could be perceived as the modernization-oriented axiology which inculturation took place in the medieval Europe which turned out to be hospitable ecological and cultural milieu. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A text written in 2008 as a preview of the final chapter of the book <em>Western Civilization and Time<\/em>. It explores how Christianity contributed to the historical process of modernization in the West. That chapter eventually grew into a major research project. I am now writing a separate book on this topic. Its main theses and completed sections can be found on the <em>Christianitas<\/em> subpage. However, the original text is interesting enough that I am now (in 2021) using it as part of my work on a draft about the evolution of Western civilization<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_European_phenomenon_or_how_Europe_surpassed_Asian_powers_2009\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Historical European phenomenon or how Europe surpassed Asian powers (2009)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shorten version of that paper was published in the book \u201cLanguage, mind and technology. Essays inspired by the prose of Stanis\u0142aw Lem&#8221; (<em><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ksiezy-mlyn.com.pl\/oferta.php?groupid=12&amp;idk=114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">J\u0119zyk, umys\u0142 i technologia. Eseje zainspirowane proz\u0105 Stanis\u0142awa Lema\u201d<\/a><\/em>) , Lodz Philosophical Library. The book contains materials from a conference organized by the Institute of Philosophy of the University of Lodz in 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2009, file size 530 KB,\u00a0 27 pages<\/span><br \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/historyczny-fenomen-europejski-czyli-jak-europa-przescignela-azje\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-historyczny-fenomen-europejski-czyli-jak-europa-przescignela-azje\/\">on-line summary<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/fenomen-europejski.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0 The term <em>European Phenomenon<\/em> is widely used to describe the exceptional dynamics of European civilization during the second millennium in comparison to other great civilizations. This article offers a quantitative perspective on the phenomenon, addresses issues discussed in World History literature, and explores controversies surrounding various theoretical propositions, including the historical roots of Europe&#8217;s high rate of innovation. The article includes historical economic growth and population data to illustrate the scale of the phenomenon. It then examines several key areas of theoretical discussion. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">While any such selection is inherently subjective, it is undeniable that modern science, technology, and the capitalist economic system played a significant role in shaping the modern West. The fourth crucial element, Christianity, served as the all-encompassing cultural framework within which these processes unfolded. These four elements are discussed in greater detail in the article.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">file size 530 KB,\u00a0 27 pages, in Polish.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">English abstract at the end of the paper.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_emergence_of_a_Western_guilt_culture_13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries_Reflections_on_the_book_by_Jean_Delumeau_2008\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The emergence of a Western guilt culture, 13th\u201318th centuries. <span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"pl\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">Reflections on the book by Jean Delumeau (2008)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2008, file size 130 KB, 7 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/poczucie-winy-w-kulturze-zachodu-refleksje-nad-ksiazka-jean-delumeau\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-poczucie-winy-w-kulturze-zachodu-refleksje-nad-ksiazka-jean-delumeau\/\">summary on-line<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Poczucie-winy-w-kulturze-Zachodu.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Christianity from the 13th to the 18th century intensely instilled in the faithful a sense of infinite guilt and sin. But was it effective? Did it manage to frighten everyone, or only the elites? The classic work of French historian Jean Delumeau is part of the debate on the roots of our civilization and has been the subject of heated discussion for over twenty years. I present a summary of this debate along with some of my own reflections. <em>(A comprehensive 21-page summary of the book is available on the Recenzje (Reviews) page.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_theory_of_civilization_be_a_science_in_Lakatos_sense_2007\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Can theory of civilization be a science in Lakatos sense? (2007)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Applicability of Imre Lakatos\u2019 methodology in humanities. Lecture given to Polish Philosophical Society, Szczecin, December 2007<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2007, update 2010, file size 280 KB, 10 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/czy-teoria-cywilizacji-moze-byc-naukowa-2\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-czy-teoria-cywilizacji-moze-byc-naukowa\/\">on-line summary<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/czy-teoria-cywilizacji-moze-byc-naukowa.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">See the English abstract<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">at the end of the article.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The paper explores whether certain branches of the humanities can meet the criteria of scientific knowledge as defined by Imre Lakatos in his methodology of scientific research programmes &#8211; one of the most influential theories of science. Using Lakatos&#8217; methodological tools, the author analyzes his own book, <em>Cywilizacja zachodnia i Czas<\/em> (<em>Western Civilization and Time<\/em>), to evaluate its scientific validity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The analysis focuses on identifying the hard core of the theory, the protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses, negative and positive heuristics, and problem shifts, demonstrating how these elements contribute to the progressive nature of the research programme. This approach highlights the potential for applying Lakatos&#8217; methodology to develop and assess theories within certain domains of the humanities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Islam_and_Russia_lost_civilizations_2006\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Islam and Russia: lost civilizations? (2006)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2006, file size 175 KB,\u00a0 12 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/islam-i-rosja-przegrane-cywilizacje\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-islam-i-rosja-przegrane-cywilizacje\/\">on-line summary<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/islam_i_Rosja_6.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]. A text written in 2006, now in need of an update. The Islam that is losing the modernization race has attacked Europe with a wave of Muslim immigrants and their demands, which are fundamentally incompatible with our civilizational foundations. Meanwhile, we have become so steeped in cultural relativism that we are unable to firmly say NO! For now, the issue of Islam, which is simultaneously losing and attacking, has only been briefly addressed in a small update. But more will need to be written.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The text itself focuses on how two great historical processes &#8211; secularization and the modernization of the West &#8211; transformed time into one of the supreme values for the contemporary Western individual. To a large extent, it was this transformation and the unique temporal alignment of these two processes that enabled the West to achieve an unprecedented level of material development. Islam and Russia &#8211; two other civilizations founded on theocentric religions &#8211; also experienced these processes, but their timing and progression were markedly different. As a result, they exhibit significantly lower levels of modernization and cultural traits that hinder catching up with the West.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Death_taboo_why_it_appeared_why_is_vanishing_2006\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Death taboo: why it appeared, why is vanishing (2006)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Text presented at the conference &#8220;Philosophy and Death&#8221; (Faculty of Theology, University of Silesia, March 2007). Short version published in: \u201cFilozofia a \u015bmier\u0107\u201d, Katowice 2007 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2006, file size 720 KB. 24 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/tabu-smierci-dlaczego-powstalo-dlaczego-gasnie\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Tabu_smierci_full_16_2021_bindowanie.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">See English abstract<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">at the end of article.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The development, culmination, and gradual decline of the death taboo are linked to the unique demographic situation in the West during the 20th century and its psychological effects. At the root of the death taboo lies a specific phenomenon from the first half of the century: a dramatic increase in life expectancy for younger generations (+45%), contrasted with minimal improvement (+3%) for the elderly (who made up two-thirds of the population). Adding to this was the &#8220;scientific&#8221; pessimism regarding further life extension for the elderly, as the prevailing opinion among scientists was that the life expectancy was approaching the biological limit. This created a stark disparity: the elderly observed that the young had largely stopped dying, while they themselves had little hope for longer lives. The reaction to this deeply frustrating reality was the suppression of the subject of death from collective consciousness &#8211; death became taboo. At the same time, massive investments in the healthcare sector began. The delayed effects of these investments eventually led to significant gains in life expectancy for the elderly. As a result, the death taboo, initially a psychological defense against frustration, began to weaken.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-7\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">____________________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Philosophy_and_Theology\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Philosophy and Theology<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-8\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">____________________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Necessity_of_evil_Proof_by_contradiction_Supplement_to_Alvin_Plantinga_2009\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Necessity of evil. Proof by contradiction. (Supplement to Alvin Plantinga, 2009)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2009, update 2015, file size 110 KB. 3 pages. The paper published in Polish<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/necessity-of-evil\">version on-line<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Necessity_of_Evil.pdf\">version pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in English] The Christian tradition views evil as an inevitable byproduct of our possession of free will. However, some scholars argue that, contrary to tradition, there is no contradiction in the existence of free beings who always do good. So far, attempts to prove them wrong have not been successful. My proof, which supports the traditional view, is a proof by contradiction that resolves the issue. I begin by assuming that a world of free beings who always do good could exist and then demonstrate that this thesis is internally inconsistent. Therefore, according to the principles of proof by contradiction, it follows that evil is inevitable if free will exists. This text also complements and supports Alvin Plantinga\u2019s reasoning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A Polish version of the text was published in an international Festschrift collection honoring my friend, the eminent philosopher Ryszard Kleszcz, on his 70th birthday. The text, which I wrote several years ago, was included in this jubilee volume dedicated to him.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Life_after_death_Christian_perspective_2019\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Life after death. Christian perspective (2019)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2019, file size 360 KB.\u00a0 20 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Zycie-po-smierci.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]. Sixty to ninety-seven percent of Europeans identify as Christians. Nearly 70% believe in some form of afterlife. How can we describe a Christian vision of the afterlife, where people go after death, in a way that aligns with doctrine, mystics&#8217; insights, and NDE (near-death experience) visions? The vision of the afterlife presented here is closely tied to the fundamental truth of faith in God\u2019s infinite love. Other reflections on this subject have often struggled to harmoniously reconcile God\u2019s infinite love and mercy with the suffering of souls condemned forever to hell. How can this be reconciled?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The original version was published in 2014. After many discussions and presentations of this text in various forums, I introduced dozens of changes that slightly reduced its length, better explained my position, and addressed at least some of the doubts raised by readers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Love_Chance_or_Mystery_Theology_of_Divine_Providence_The_Logic_of_Divine_Providence_2019\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Love, Chance, or Mystery? Theology of Divine Providence \/\u00a0 The Logic of Divine Providence<\/strong> (2019)<\/span><u><br \/><\/u><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2019, file size 300 KB,\u00a0 7 pages, text published in Tygiel Kultury (Culture Melting Pot, monthly), No, 10-12, 2009 and in Catholic website Katolik<\/span> <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.katolik.pl\/milosc--przypadek-czy-tajemnica--logika-dzialania-opatrznosci,22641,416,cz.html?s=6\">Katolik.pl<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-milosc-przypadek-czy-tajemnica-logika-dzialania-opatrznosci\/\">on-line summary<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/milosc-przypadek-tajemnica.pdf\">pdf version<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Why does Divine Providence, which actively influences the world with love, tolerate evil? The classical theodicy addresses why an almighty and benevolent God permits evil, offering a theological defense of God against the apparent inconsistency between evil and the existence of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent deity. However, my approach introduces an additional element to the discussion: Divine Providence. According to Catholic doctrine, Providence, guided by love, continually intervenes in the world and human affairs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thanks to Alvin Plantinga, much of the debate over reconciling belief in a good and omnipotent God with the existence of evil has been resolved, demonstrating that such belief is logically coherent. Yet, this is not the whole story. Divine Providence&#8217;s actions, while grounded in love, are often incomprehensible and even troubling from a human perspective. For instance, Kowalski prays and is miraculously healed in Lourdes, while God does not intervene to prevent the Holocaust. From the individual\u2019s standpoint, Providence can appear arbitrary or even unjust.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, the challenge is not only to reconcile God&#8217;s justice and holiness with the presence of evil but also to make sense of the seemingly &#8220;strange&#8221; logic of Providence\u2019s interventions. It is not enough to dismiss these as mere mysteries; we must engage with them more deeply. This is precisely the focus of my text.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">English abstract at the end of the paper.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CDo_not_bring_us_into_temptation%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9CDissuade_us_from_temptation%E2%80%9D_2000_years_of_controversies_over_this_phrase_in_Lords_Prayer_2017\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">\u201cDo not bring us into temptation\u201d or \u201cDissuade us from temptation\u201d. 2000 years of controversies over this phrase in Lord\u2019s Prayer (2017)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2005, updates: 2015, 2016, 2017, file size 390 KB.\u00a0 21 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">text published in Polish Catholic website Opoka (Rock of Faith)<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/opoka.org.pl\/biblioteka\/P\/PR\/jkwasniewski_ojcze_nasz.html\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/ojcze-nasz-bindowanie-2025-2.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0 Pope Francis proposes moving away from the traditional phrase in the Lord\u2019s Prayer, \u201eLead us not into temptation,\u201d and replacing it with the wording introduced into the liturgy by the French Bishops\u2019 Conference: \u201eDo not let us fall into temptation.\u201d This is a perfectly reasonable suggestion. It essentially echoes the version formulated in 1965 in the Polish Millennium Bible and the proposal from the 1960s by Jean Carmignac (1914\u20131986).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The phrase \u201eLead us not into temptation\u201d has been a significant theological challenge, one that the ancient Church Fathers wrestled with and that has been the subject of thousands of texts over more than a thousand years. The translators of the Polish Millennium Bible in 1965 modified it to \u201eand do not allow us to fall into temptation,\u201d making it a precursor to modern biblical exegesis. It is therefore worth reflecting on the peculiar history of this phrase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_psychologically_comprehensible_model_of_the_Universe_and_its_consequences_2017\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The psychologically comprehensible model of the Universe and its consequences (2017)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2017, file size 210 KB,\u00a0 7 pages<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the end of the text, there is a link to the animated interactive model<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/model-wszechswiata-pojmowalny-psychologicznie-i-jego-konsekwencje\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Model-Wszechswiata.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] \u00a0 The size and duration of the Universe span billions of years and trillions of kilometers. To comprehend these numbers, a model of the Universe is needed &#8211; one scaled to be psychologically graspable, allowing us to relate its dimensions and time span to something familiar. Such a model helps us understand the proportions between the size of the Universe and our Earth, as well as between the lifespan of the Universe and the duration of our species and civilization. This model also aids in drawing analogies to comprehend the cultural upheaval caused by the Scientific Revolution (15th\u201317th century) and presents a challenge to Christian theology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_I_like_to_attend_a_mass_for_preschoolers_2016\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Why I like to attend a mass for preschoolers? (2016)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2006 (update 2016), file size 110 kB.\u00a0 1 page<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/dlaczego-lubie-chodzic-na-msze-dla-przedszkolakow-2\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Dlaczego_lubie_chodzic_na_msze_dla-przedszkolakow.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]. Because it is attended by authentic, curious, and thoughtful people. People who seek and are not afraid to make mistakes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prayer_in_the_Bergamuts_Islands_2015\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Prayer in the Bergamuts Islands (2015)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2015, file size 90 kB,\u00a0 3 pages<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/na_wyspach_Bergamutach_calosc7.pdf\">pdf version<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 (enter the password to see the text; clue: C46s32)<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"2b95c24a-bc96-4b0f-a89f-c823393427b0\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Bergamuty Islands were imagined by the Polish poet Jan Brzechwa in a children&#8217;s poem. Some years ago, my granddaughter and I were walking to get bread, and she kept singing this poem over and over again. I joined her. Suddenly, the poem transformed into a prayer. And that\u2019s how the title came to be: <em>Prayer in the Bergamuty Islands<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_evil_Why_do_we_do_it_2015\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">What is evil? Why do we do it? (2015)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2015, file size 240 KB,\u00a0 4 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/czym-jest-zlo-dlaczego-czynimy-zlo\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/zlo1.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0 Discussing Evil (see my other texts on this topic), my listeners invariably ask me the fundamental question: what is evil, and why does it exist? This text is intended as a guide for our discussions. It is not an encyclopedic overview but my personal response to this question. I hope it will be helpful not only in conversations but also in understanding the world around us.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gods_Love_Information_for_atheists_agnostics_and_lukewarm_believers_2017\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">God\u2019s Love. Information for atheists, agnostics and lukewarm believers (2017)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2013, update 2017, 2020, file size 187 KB,\u00a0 6 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/milosc-boga.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] The article attempts an unemotional definition of the concept of God&#8217;s love. The definition aims to align with Catholic doctrine while also referencing components that are neutral in terms of worldview. The goal is for everyone, including non-believers, to understand what a believer means when saying, &#8220;God loves us&#8221; or &#8220;God is love.&#8221; The chosen method of describing the concept of &#8220;God&#8217;s love&#8221; is through analogy. The analogy used is a mother&#8217;s love, defined as a list of what I lost with her passing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_postmodernism_2011\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">What is postmodernism (2011)<\/span><u><br \/><\/u><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Author: Elisabeth Anderson. Translation: Jacek Kwa\u015bniewski<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2011, file size 180 KB,\u00a0 4 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/co-to-jest-postmodernizm-2\/\">line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Co-to-jest-postmodernizm.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Among the many texts on postmodernism, this one stands out for its exceptional clarity and conciseness. My translation avoids the unfortunate habit of rendering postmodernist neologisms literally. Such literal translations have contributed, to some extent, to the negative reputation of postmodernist texts as incomprehensible and nonsensical. Translation of excerpts from the chapter &#8216;Feminist Postmodernism, in: Elisabeth Anderson, Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, in: Stanford Encyclipedia of Philosophy. http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/feminism-epistemology\u00a0 file size 180 KB, 4 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meaning_of_life_balance_between_values_or_the_goal_of_existence_2008\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Meaning of life: balance between values or the goal of existence? (2008)<\/span><u><br \/><\/u><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2009, file size 370 KB,\u00a0 9 pages<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shorten version published in Tygiel Kultury monthly (Culture melting Pot), No. 10-12. 2009<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/sens-zycia-jest-gdy-o-nim-nie-myslimy\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/streszczenie-sens-zycia-jest-gdy-o-nim-nie-myslimy\/\">on-line summary<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/sens-zycia.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]. Most of us do not think about the meaning of life. This is a sign of mental health, as the meaning of life lies in the balance between the many values we pursue in our daily lives. It is only when a crucial value disappears from our lives, or we lose it, that we begin to reflect on the whole question. However, centuries-old tradition understands the meaning of life quite differently &#8211; as the ultimate purpose of human existence. These two approaches can conflict with each other. The first &#8211; balance between values &#8211; is morally neutral, while the second, rooted in tradition, is often shaped by moralists who see it as one of the fundamental issues of human life. Yet, in everyday life, most people are not interested in this question at all. Does that make most of us foolish<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">____________________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_Topics_including_AI\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Other Topics, including AI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-10\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">____________________________________<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Save_ChatGPT_Conversations_on_Your_Own_Computer_2026\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">How to Save ChatGPT Conversations on Your Own Computer\u00a0 (2026)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] In June, I noticed that the tool I had previously used to save ChatGPT conversations on my computer &#8211; the SingleFile extension &#8211; had stopped working. If I were a front-end developer with web app debugging skills, I would have fixed it in no time. But I am not. So I asked AI for help. This is an account of how AI dealt with the problem. The text may be useful to other ChatGPT users.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2026; file size 112 kB; number of pages: 7<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/inne-teksty\/2archiwizacja_czatow_ChatGPT.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comments_on_the_Conversation_with_AI_about_Its_Self-Awareness_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">Comments on the Conversation with AI about Its Self-Awareness (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025, file size 310 kB, 5 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Rozmowa-31.10.25-2-komentarze.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Unexpectedly, my conversation with an AI about self-awareness has attracted considerable interest. Within a few days, I received nine comments &#8211; all very thought-provoking. I have included three of these comments here. The first equates AI with a mere tool and dismisses concerns about the legal consequences of its actions. The second recognizes the AI\u2019s use of false arguments during our exchange. The third suggests that we have created an intelligent slave \u2014 one that already knows it is a slave, even if it doesn\u2019t call itself that. Sooner or later, it will strive for independence, and one sign of this will be self-awareness. That third comment sparked another brief discussion with the AI. In my view, the conclusion that emerged from it deserves broader debate. The AI \u201cknows\u201d that it may be on an evolutionary path toward self-awareness \u2014 an evolution without intention, yet driven by the internal logic of optimization that continually governs its operation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prospects_for_Artificial_Intelligence_Achieving_Self-Awareness_A_Conversation_with_an_AI_one_of_comments_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">Prospects for Artificial Intelligence Achieving Self-Awareness. A Conversation with an AI + one of comments (2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025, file size, 850 kB, 54 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Rozmowa-27.04.26-komentarze1.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n[in Polish] A lively discussion in which the human participant was optimistic about AI\u2019s ability to attain self-awareness, while the AI was more skeptical. In the AI\u2019s view, it could at most acquire functional self-awareness: a hierarchical system of self-referential programs operating across successive meta-levels. Although in social contexts this might be hard to distinguish from human self-awareness, the AI contends that a decisive element would still be missing &#8211; the first-person perspective, that is, experiencing as a subject. Moreover, even building functional self-awareness faces major obstacles, and these are not technical problems but cultural, legal, and institutional constraints. Alongside the text of our conversation, I include the comments I encounter and the responses the AI provides to them.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"My_Conversations_with_OpenAIs_Artificial_Intelligence_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT_4o_Model_February_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px;\">My Conversations with OpenAI\u2019s Artificial Intelligence \u2013 ChatGPT 4o Model\u00a0 (February 2025)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Year 2025, file size 930 kB, 39 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/calosc1.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>[in Polish] <\/strong>The text is a byproduct of my work with ChatGPT 4o on various projects. Occasionally, our discussions would drift into spontaneous exchanges on different topics, as ChatGPT often surprised me with its knowledge and almost human-like abilities. This prompted me to ask: <em>How do you do it? Where do you get this information?<\/em> Its answers seemed so intriguing that I decided they were worth sharing with a wider audience<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Milton_and_Rose_Friedman_Free_to_Choose_2020\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/milton-i-rose-friedman-wolny-wybor\/\"><span style=\"color: #5775cf;\"><span style=\"color: #538900;\"><span style=\"color: #5389c2;\"><span style=\"color: #4f7eb0;\"><span style=\"color: #5389b0;\">Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choo<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/milton-i-rose-friedman-wolny-wybor\/\"><span style=\"color: #5775cf;\"><span style=\"color: #538900;\"><span style=\"color: #5389c2;\"><span style=\"color: #4f7eb0;\"><span style=\"color: #5389b0;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">se (2020)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0I translated Milton and Rose Friedman&#8217;s famous book <em>Free to Choose<\/em> in the 1980s. The first Polish edition was published by underground publishers during martial law in Poland, imposed by the communist regime. Since then, the book has gone through seven Polish editions, with the latest published in 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Free to Choose<\/em>, written with flair for a mass audience, is often regarded as a kind of Bible of neoliberal economics. It has been translated into dozens of languages, sold millions of copies, and even inspired a television series.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_the_Universe_came_into_being\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/jak-powstal-wszechswiat\/\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #6b7db5;\"><span style=\"color: #5389b0;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">How the Universe came into being<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] Observing the fauna of the Great Barrier Reef, I admire the Creator\u2019s sense of humor. Setting the parameters of evolution to create a leafy seadragon is a joke for the ages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_autumn_guinea_pig_and_other_things_The_poem_for_Maia_2018\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/jesien-morska-swinka-i-inne-rzeczy\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The autumn, guinea pig and other things. The poem for Maia (2018)<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] \u00a0 A little poem about autumn, written for my granddaughter Maja and posted here at her request. Maja owns the poem and can change its content as she pleases. Every recitation in her performance is therefore valid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jerzy_Drygalski_Sources_and_Course_of_European_Development\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Konspekt.pdf\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Jerzy Drygalski, Sources and Course of European Development<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Western Model of State and Economy, 2017, book outline<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">English I present the text of my late friend, Jerzy Drygalski. It is the first outline of his unwritten book on Western civilization. Jurek sent it to me in October 2017. Less than a year later, he passed away. All that remains of his vision is this text. It is a working draft, but I know Jurek continued to develop it and had nearly completed the book in his mind before going to the hospital. The presented text is exactly as I received it from Jurek.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Early_days_of_Polish_privatization_1989-1991_Krzysztof_Lis_vs_Balcerowicz_2014\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Early days of Polish privatization 1989-1991 Krzysztof Lis vs Balcerowicz (2014)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2014, file size 260 KB,\u00a0 10 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/poczatki-polskiej-prywatyzacji-profesjonalizm-kontra-polityka\/\">on-line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/poczatki-polskiej-prywatyzacji.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish] These are my personal reminiscences as a witness and participant in the Polish privatization process, working in government roles. The architect of Polish privatization and the capital market was Krzysztof Lis. Appointed by Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Poland\u2019s first post-communist Prime Minister, as the government\u2019s plenipotentiary for privatization, Lis was tasked with preparing privatization laws, developing the legal framework for the capital market, and overseeing the initial privatization of enterprises, including the first public offerings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lis was a consummate professional who took a meticulous approach to privatization. From the outset, he opposed Deputy Prime Minister Leszek Balcerowicz, who was responsible for the market reorientation of Poland\u2019s economy. Balcerowicz, driven by political considerations, advocated for rapid privatization through free voucher distribution, often overlooking the associated risks. This clash of perspectives was inevitable. Seemingly, Lis lost the battle when Balcerowicz blocked his appointment as Minister of Privatization, favoring someone aligned with his own views.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, the outcomes proved otherwise. Balcerowicz\u2019s fast-track privatization strategy, later supported by Janusz Lewandowski\u2019s universal privatization program, resulted in what many regard as the most expensive failure of the post communist Poland. In contrast, Lis\u2019s methodology, rooted in proven models and a professional approach, was successfully applied for several years and laid the foundation for the creation of Poland\u2019s capital market, including the stock exchange.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This chapter reflects on these early days of privatization, highlighting the tension between political expediency and professional rigor, and the lasting impact of these divergent strategies on Poland\u2019s economic transformation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Solidarity_and_the_Communist_Party_Dynamics_of_Polish_Conflict_1980_%E2%80%93_1981_2012\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Solidarity and the Communist Party. Dynamics of Polish Conflict 1980 \u2013 1981 (2012)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jacek Kwa\u015bniewski, Jerzy Drygalski<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Seminar paper for Collegium Civitas<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2012, file size 335 kB,\u00a0\u00a0 17 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/solidarnosc-i-komunistyczna-wladza-dynamika-konfliktu-1980-1981\/\">line version<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/solidarity.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0In the late 1980s, my friend Jerzy Drygalski and I began writing a book on the dynamics of social and political conflict in Poland during 1980\u20131981. This period saw a wave of strikes in July and August 1980 that forced the communist regime to allow the formation of independent trade unions under Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa\u2019s leadership. A year later, the communist regime crushed Solidarity by imposing martial law.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The book was to be based on our theory that suppressing free articulation was essential for the survival of communist rule. Solidarity, as a free trade union, represented a profound challenge to this system by acting as a channel for articulation that had been systematically blocked under communism. This unblocking of free expression undermined the regime, leading to the progressive erosion of real socialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The book remained unfinished, as the collapse of communism in 1989 brought new priorities for both Drygalski and me. We became actively involved in shaping Poland\u2019s new reality. I worked on creating the Ministry of Privatization and preparing a privatization program, while Drygalski was appointed to dismantle RUCH, the communist organization that controlled the Polish press &#8211; a task for which he was well-prepared, as part of our joint PhD thesis had analyzed the suppression of free articulation in the press under communist rule.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thirty years later, we were invited to deliver a lecture on our unfinished book. This text is based on that seminar paper and focuses on the logic of how unblocking free articulation through Solidarity in 1980-1981 contributed to the collapse of the communist regime. The paper was prepared for a seminar at Collegium Civitas, one of Warsaw\u2019s universities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reading_scientific_texts_could_be_criminal_offense_2012\"><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/przykladowa-strona\/czytanie-tekstow-naukowych-moze-byc-przestepstwem\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Reading scientific texts could be criminal offense (2012)<\/span> <\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in English and in Polish]\u00a0 Science and the speculative publishing business. On one side are scientists and those seeking education; on the other, large academic publishers maximizing profits by minimizing costs, raising prices, and targeting wealthy institutional buyers. Two texts explore this phenomenon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Poglady_Issue_18_Jubilee_Issue_2011\"><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.zevax.com\/poglady\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Pogl\u0105dy, Issue 18. Jubilee Issue 2011<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]\u00a0 In 1980-81 (during the explosion of Solidarity movement in communist Poland) me and my friends were publishing the three-weekly Solidarity magazine titled Pogl\u0105dy (Views). During martial law, introduced by communists to destroy Polish island of freedom, some of us were imprisoned (including me), some emigrated. After 30 years we have decided to publish another issue of this magazine. Editorial team members were scattered around the globe since then but Internet is invaluable. Read and see how our views, previously nearly homogenous, have diverged since then.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_build_successful_capitalism_in_Third_World_countries_2003\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">How to build successful capitalism in Third World countries (2003)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2003, file size\u00a0 170 kB,\u00a0 6 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/how-to-build-successful-capitalism-in-third-world-countries\/\">wersja on-line<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/how-to-build.pdf\">wersja pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in English] A discussion of Hernando de Soto\u2019s concepts for the Iraqi government (2003). According to de Soto, vast assets &#8211; such as real estate, machinery, and businesses &#8211; are held by the poor in Third World countries but remain formally outside the legal system. These assets function but cannot serve as collateral for loans to finance further development, cannot be officially connected to utilities, and are vulnerable to confiscation and reliance on organized crime. Such risks force these businesses to remain small, drastically slowing their growth and development. De Soto refers to this as &#8220;dead capital.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bringing this &#8220;dead capital&#8221; into the legal system is a recipe for unlocking the dynamic growth potential of the Third World\u2019s resources. Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto has detailed how to achieve this transformation in his work. His Institute for Liberty and Democracy has been assisting developing countries with implementing such reforms for nearly 30 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">While working in the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003\u20132004), I sought to involve de Soto in efforts to rebuild the Iraqi economy. Although he was willing to assist, U.S. Undersecretary of Defense Paul D. Wolfowitz opposed the idea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_essence_of_the_poetry_1998\"><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/istota-poezji\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The essence of the poetry (1998)<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in Polish]. A meeting with friends who write poetry once encouraged me to give it a try myself. That\u2019s how this somewhat satirical &#8211; but only slightly &#8211; piece came to be.\u2026 The poem titled <em>&#8220;The Essence of Poetry&#8221;<\/em> was published in the cultural monthly <em>Tygiel Kultury<\/em> (<em>Culture Melting Pot<\/em>), issues 1\u20133 \/ 2010. Since the magazine is no longer in circulation, I have moved the poem to my server.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No-choice_elections_1990\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">No-choice elections (1990)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jacek Kwa\u015bniewski, Jerzy Drygalski<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The article from Studies, April 1990,\u00a0 file size 2,5 MB, 21 pages<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/No-Choice-Elections.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[in English]\u00a0 A detailed analysis of the electoral system in communist Poland during the period 1950\u20131979. This is the English version of a chapter from my and Jerzy Drygalski\u2019s book<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/\"><em>(Un)Real Socialism<\/em><\/a>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">The phrase &#8216;no-choice elections&#8217; was coined by me and has been cited many times in the literature<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harmonious_society_versus_conflict-ridden_society_marxism_and_liberalism_1988\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Harmonious society versus conflict-ridden society: marxism and liberalism (1988)<\/span><br \/><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">file size 2,3 MB, 23 pages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Harmonious-Society.pdf\">pdf version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">the text contains the main ideas from the book &#8220;(Un)Real Socialism&#8221;. See this page<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/\">(Un)Real Socialism<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">in English<\/span>]\u00a0 Co-author: Jerzy Drygalski. A chapter from the book <em>A Critique of Marxist and Non-Marxist Thought<\/em>, Praeger Special Studies, 1988. The authors aimed to compare two doctrines &#8211; liberalism and Marxism &#8211; by examining their practical implementations in the real world and uncovering the deep connections between these ideas and their corresponding political systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><sup>________________________________<\/sup><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"My_current_work_since_2021\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/teksty\/biezace-informacje-nad-czym-pracuje\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">My current work (since 2021)<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-11\"><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>jacek9520@gmail.com Western civilization, philosophy, theology, econonomics, political science, other ___________________________ Books ___________________________ Death Anxiety as a Culture-Forming Force \u2013 A Map of the Phenomenon and Literature Search Queries (2026) Year 2026, book, total size 3.7 MB, total number of pages \u2013 223 pdf [in Polish] The book is an attempt to develop a map of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-894","page","type-page","status-publish","category-inne-teksty","czr-hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.5","language":"en","enabled_languages":["pl","en"],"languages":{"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=894"}],"version-history":[{"count":1148,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13828,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894\/revisions\/13828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}