{"id":1265,"date":"2015-07-24T12:17:26","date_gmt":"2015-07-24T10:17:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kwasniewski.org.pl\/?page_id=1265"},"modified":"2025-01-13T00:02:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T23:02:38","slug":"socjalizm","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Socialism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">jacek9520@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Spis tre\u015bci  \/  Contents<\/p>\n<\/div><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#%E2%80%9CUnReal_Socialism%E2%80%9D\" >\u201c(Un)Real Socialism\u201d<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_I_Marx_and_the_Idea_of_Communism_Harmonious_Community_of_Producers\" >Chapter I \u00adMarx and the Idea of Communism: Harmonious Community of Producers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_II_Lenins_Version_of_Communism\" >Chapter II Lenin&#8217;s Version of Communism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_III_The_Ideological_Roots_of_Soviet_State\" >Chapter III The Ideological Roots of Soviet State<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_IV_The_Principles_of_the_Communist_System_Unity_of_Interests_and_the_Suppression_of_Free_Articulation\" >Chapter IV The Principles of the Communist System: Unity of Interests and the Suppression of Free Articulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_V_Local_Authorities_Quasi_Representation_No_Power\" >Chapter V Local Authorities: Quasi Representation, No Power<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_VI_Loudly_Silent_Mass_Media_the_Press_in_Communist_Poland\" >Chapter VI Loudly Silent Mass Media: the Press in Communist Poland<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/socjalizm\/#Chapter_VII_The_Communist_Party_Puppets_and_Helmsmen\" >Chapter VII The Communist Party: Puppets and Helmsmen<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CUnReal_Socialism%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c(Un)Real Socialism\u201d<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><div class=\"gca-column one-half first\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This book, co-authored with my best friend, the late Jerzy Drygalski (1948\u20132018), is one of the most significant global theoretical analyses of communism, from its Marxist ideological roots to the structural principles governing Soviet-type states. It sparked extensive debate both in Poland and in Western sovietology circles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Originally published in 1986 by an underground press, the book was republished by the Polish Scientific Publishers (PWN) after the fall of communism in 1992. Excerpts have appeared in numerous European publications, as well as in the USA and Canada. Between 2012 and 2014, the book was downloaded from my website 27,882 times.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The book\u2019s second part explores the functioning of real socialism, using communist Poland as a case study. Chapters IV\u2013VII examine how local authorities, mass media, and the communist party operated within the structural framework of real socialist states. For more on the theory, see <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/Harmonious-Society.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #155fad;\">Harmonious Society Versus Conflict-Ridden Society<\/span><\/a> under Other Texts on this website. Additionally, our article <span style=\"color: #155fad;\"><a style=\"color: #155fad;\" href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/inne-teksty\/No-Choice-Elections.pdf\">No Choice Elections<\/a> <\/span>(also under Other Texts) examines the evolution of the electoral system in communist countries, with Poland as an example.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This work remains a key contribution to understanding the communist phenomenon and the mechanisms that sustained Soviet-type regimes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All your remarks and comments are welcome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">My e-mail address: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1815 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/strona-startowa\/adres-mail-gmail-9520.jpg\" alt=\"adres-mail-gmail-9520\" width=\"208\" height=\"33\" \/><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><div class=\"gca-column one-half\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Abstract: <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Marx believed that after the overthrow of capitalism, the world would return to a state of natural harmony. The vision of eliminating conflicts through the abolition of social classes dominated the thinking of subsequent generations of the left. When building their new state, the Bolsheviks were as pragmatic as they were doctrinaire. Believing themselves to be the custodians of the truth about inevitable unity, they combated any lack of it as hostile action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They created a system that was simultaneously utopian\u2014designed for mythical harmony\u2014and practical, as it supported the utopia of unity by blocking free articulation and eliminating enemies. A state emerged based on the assumption of unified interests, which never actually existed. The survival of this system depended on the continuous suppression of the free articulation of interests, which posed a direct threat to communism. This was evident on numerous occasions: whenever the suppression weakened, the system began to falter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Half of the book (Part II) is devoted to Poland and provides a detailed account of the methods communists used to suppress articulation in local councils, the press, and even within the party itself.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/Nierealny_socjalizm_RI-RVII.pdf\">(Un) Real Socialism\u00a0 full text<\/a><\/strong> \u00a0 (in Polish)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/rozdzialy_IV-VII.pdf\"><strong>(Un) Real Socialism\u00a0 part II <\/strong><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 (in Polish, chapters IV &#8211; VII on Poland)<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Contents<\/span><\/strong> (translated from Polish, links here are to Polish original text)<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_I_Marx_and_the_Idea_of_Communism_Harmonious_Community_of_Producers\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/socjalizm\/nierealny_socjalizmR1.pdf\">Chapter I<\/a><\/strong> \u00ad<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Marx and the Idea of Communism: Harmonious Community of Producers<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Roots of Marxian Concept of Communism &#8211; Synthesis of Hegelian and the Utopian Socialists&#8217; Threads<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Assumptions of Marxian Vision of Communism<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Communist Society, Economy and Control<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Orthodox Interpretation of the Vision of Communism (Second International)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_II_Lenins_Version_of_Communism\"><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/socjalizm\/nierealny_socjalizmR2.pdf\"><strong>Chapter II<\/strong><\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lenin&#8217;s Version of Communism<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Russian Roots of Leninism<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lenin and Marx on Communism: the Comparison<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Core of Lenin&#8217;s Vision: the Superior Position of the Communist Party<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Principles of Communist Party Organization<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lenin&#8217;s Idea of Communist Party As a Transmitter of Proletariat Interest to Delegates Councils and Other Workers&#8217; Organizations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Superior Position of the Communist Party and Russian tradition of nihilism and maximalism<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220;Russia the Weakest Link in Capitalist Chain&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Conclusions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Annex: Lenin&#8217;s Program of Gradual Steps to Socialism<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_III_The_Ideological_Roots_of_Soviet_State\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/socjalizm\/nierealny_socjalizmR3.pdf\">Chapter III<\/a><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Ideological Roots of Soviet State<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Soviet State Evolution: Stages<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First Stage: State of Paris Commune Type<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Second Stage: Towards Monoparty Political System<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leap to the Future: the War Communism Economy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Third Stage: Setting-Up the Monolithic Party<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thirties: Revolution from Above<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stalinist Version of Marxism<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_IV_The_Principles_of_the_Communist_System_Unity_of_Interests_and_the_Suppression_of_Free_Articulation\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/rozdzial_IV.pdf\">Chapter IV<\/a> <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Principles of the Communist System: Unity of Interests and the Suppression of Free Articulation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Communist State Building Principle: Society As Homogeneous Community<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Democratic Institutions and the Unity of Interests: Non-compatibility<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Liberal Democracy: Immersed in Conflicts<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Socialist Democracy: Full Harmony, No Conflicts<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Superior Position of Communist Party<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suppression of Free Articulation As a Precondition of Communist System Survival<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unity of Interests Principle and the Theory of Totalitarian State<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Annex: Why Democratic Institutions Survived?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_V_Local_Authorities_Quasi_Representation_No_Power\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/rozdzial_V.pdf\">Chapter V<\/a><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Local Authorities: Quasi Representation, No Power<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Formal Powers and the Suppression of Free Articulation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suppression of Free Articulation Through the Channel of Central Control (Content Imposing)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suppression of Free Articulation Through the Channel of Local Control (Staff Selection)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_VI_Loudly_Silent_Mass_Media_the_Press_in_Communist_Poland\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/rozdzial_VI.pdf\">Chapter VI<\/a><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Loudly Silent Mass Media: the Press in Communist Poland<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Introductory Remark<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">History of Setting-Up Communist Party Publishing Monopoly<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Communist Party Control Over the Press Editorial Teams<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mechanism of Party Direct Imposing of Press Content<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Censorship<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fabrication of Reality: Pinciples and Technics How to Make the Proper Image of Everything<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Concluding Remarks<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_VII_The_Communist_Party_Puppets_and_Helmsmen\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/media\/rozdzial_VII.pdf\">Chapter VII<\/a><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Communist Party: Puppets and Helmsmen<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Statute of Polish Communist Party: the Evolution, Principles, and Paradoxes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Communist Party To the Outer World: Principle of One Face and One Voice<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suppression of Free Articulation Within the Party: the Evolution and Technics<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vested Interests of the Inner Party Members<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>jacek9520@gmail.com \u201c(Un)Real Socialism\u201d (Un) Real Socialism\u00a0 full text \u00a0 (in Polish) (Un) Real Socialism\u00a0 part II \u00a0 (in Polish, chapters IV &#8211; VII on Poland) Contents (translated from Polish, links here are to Polish original text) Chapter I \u00adMarx and the Idea of Communism: Harmonious Community of Producers The Roots of Marxian Concept of Communism [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1265","page","type-page","status-publish","czr-hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["pl","en"],"languages":{"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1265"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9787,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1265\/revisions\/9787"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jacek.kwasniewski.org.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}